![]() 1, adapted from information presented in Carver (1990), presents approximate reading rates for students in Grades 2-12. She read 92 words correctly in 1.5 minutes, or 61 words per minute (wpm). Maria was given a passage to read with 100 words. ![]() ![]() You may count out 100 words in a passage and then time the student as he or she reads the passage. Determining a student’s reading rateĪ student’s reading rate may be calculated by dividing the number of words read correctly by the total amount of reading time. Even into middle school, these students often devote an inordinate amount of energy to word identification. Students like Maria, Ryan, and Ben require more exposures and more practice to recognize individual words easily and automatically. She usually had to read materials several times in order to comprehend them. She complained that because she read so slowly, she could not understand what she was reading. Although she pronounced most words correctly, she read with little expression. When Maria was in sixth grade, she still read very slowly. For these children, decoding is not automatic or fluent, and their limited fluency may affect performance in the following ways: 1) they read less text than peers and have less time to remember, review, or comprehend the text 2) they expend more cognitive energy than peers trying to identify individual words and 3) they may be less able to retain text in their memories and less likely to integrate those segments with other parts of the text (Mastropieri, Leinart, & Scruggs, 1999).įigure 8.7 Sample spelling self-monitoring formĬover list word and rewrite correct spelling Some children have developed accurate word pronunciation skills but read slowly. The ability to read words by sight automatically is the key to skilled reading (Ehri, 1998). As noted, the concept of automaticity refers to a student’s ability to recognize words rapidly with little attention required to the word’s appearance. Children are successful with decoding when the process used to identify words is fast and nearly effortless or automatic. Meyer and Felton defined fluency as “ ‘the ability to read connected text rapidly, smoothly, effortlessly, and automatically with little conscious attention to the mechanics of reading, such as decoding” (1999, p. Reading fluency encompasses the speed or rate of reading, as well as the ability to read materials with expression.
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